Iranian Economic Development Analyses https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/ Iranian Economic Development Analyses en daily 1 Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0330 The Impact of Social Capital on the Human Development Index in OPEC Member Countries https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7650.html Today, social capital can be considered as a suitable platform for exploiting human and physical capital. In fact, social capital shows the importance of the role of social structures and relationships between people on development variables of all dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of social capital on human development indicators in OPEC member countries by using the econometric model of generalized moments during the period of 2007-2021. The research findings indicate that a one percent increase in social capital has led to a 0.05 percent increase in the human development index. Also, the variables of life expectancy, government size, and economic growth have led to an increase in human development during the investigated period. Therefore, it is recommended that in the OPEC oil exporting countries, instead of paying attention to the rentier activities that lead to the destruction of the economy, the governments should focus on the development of social capital An Analysis of the Develo Investigating the Relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards and Income Inequality According to the Role of Financial Development: A Selection of Developing Countries in Asia https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7737.html Income inequality remains a concern. Previous studies show that as a country's economy grows, incomes increase and income disparity decreases. However, there is evidence that income inequality worsens as countries develop. This study examines the relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and income inequality with regard to the moderating role of financial development for a selection of Asian developing countries in the period 2000-2022 using Ordinary Least Squares and Generalized Least Squares methods.The results show that financial development affects the relationship between IFRS and income inequality. Furthermore, there is a direct relationship between IFRS and income inequality. One of the reasons for the direct impact of IFRS on income inequality could be that the increased transparency of financial reporting as a result of using IFRS enables employees and regulatory organizations to negotiate with employers about employment-related issues such as job security, wages, and pensions. If these negotiations lead to benefits for employees, income inequality will decrease. The indirect effect of IFRS on income inequality through financial development may be because investment increases by improving the efficiency of financial markets and reducing the financial constraints of financial institutions. Identifying the Environment of Internal and External Production Chains and their Relevance to the Issue of Raw Selling https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7654.html The issue of raw selling has been a concern for media, researchers, research institutions, and planners in Iran, lacking theoretical as well as empirical analysis. The main aim of this paper is to fill this gap from three angles: the environment of the internal production chain from input and output sides, external production chains in terms of DVA and VS, and their relevance to the issue of raw selling. For this purpose, we use the input-output model and symmetric product-by-product table for the year 1395. Our findings are threefold: first, concentrating only on the internal production chain and ignoring external production chains fails to reveal the relevance of raw selling; second, internal production chains of mining products are very weak, whereas corresponding external production chains are very strong; third, retail and wholesale service products, as well as transport services, appear to be dominant in both chains, suggesting not only the beginning of production chains in the Iranian economy but also confirming the theories of a rentier state and Dutch Disease Examining the position of carbon tax on economic sectors in Iran's economy using input-output method https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7666.html Today, most environmental issues and risks can be considered local, regional, national, and even global issues due to their dependence on macro-social issues such as the economy, culture, development, politics, and material and spiritual aspects of human life. Unfortunately, the world has witnessed significant environmental destruction in recent years. Examining the interaction and relationship between economic and environmental activities is essential. To achieve this goal, this study investigates the role and position of the carbon tax on economic sectors, especially the energy sector, based on the linkage indicators and the extended input-output method using input-output tables from 2015.According to the results of the general linkage indices, the effect of the carbon tax on the energy sector shows that this sector has a suitable link with Iran's economy but does not have a suitable position compared to other economic sectors. Regarding forward links, it has shown a weak link with the whole economy, and its diffusion and sensitivity indicators as a whole have not had the ability to create movement and economic development in the national economy. The impact and effectiveness of the energy sector in Iran's economy have been practically insignificant. Comparison of the Effect of External Shocks on Inflation in the Fixed and Managed Floating Exchange Rate Regimes in the Economy of Iran with the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Approach https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7783.html The purpose of this article is to identify the effects of external shocks, including currency shocks, sanctions, and monetary shocks, on inflation in two different currency regimes in Iran's economy from 1368 to 1401. Using the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model with the new Keynesian approach, the effects of these shocks on inflation in managed fixed and floating currency regimes have been compared. The results show that currency shocks in both currency regimes lead to an increase in inflation, but in the fixed regime, this increase is less. Examining the results of the shock of international sanctions also shows that this shock increases inflation in the managed floating regime, but in the fixed regime, due to the intervention of the central bank, this effect is less. Finally, examining the effect of monetary shocks shows that under both fixed and managed floating regimes, it has led to an increase in inflation, and this effect is more intense in the managed floating regime. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the fixed currency regime, the monetary authority has a higher ability to control inflationary fluctuations due to external shocks. Of course, it should be noted that one of the requirements for choosing a fixed currency regime is the central bank's access to sufficient foreign exchange reserves, which faces serious limitations in the conditions of sanctions. Investigating the Asymmetric Effect of Public Debt on Financial Development in Iran https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7909.html Public debt is a government-related variable that links several successive governments to each other. Each government may have different views and priorities regarding the application of fiscal policies in the economy, including the level or composition of public expenditures. This paper examines the asymmetric effect of public debt on financial development in Iran from 1973-2021. For this, after performing relevant tests and using the Nonlinear Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, we found that there is a significant negative relationship between positive and negative changes in public debt and financial development in Iran in the long term. Also, the positive change coefficient of public debt is smaller than its negative change coefficient. This means that the reduction of public debt has a greater effect on the development of the financial sector compared to its increase. Additionally, the results showed that the effect of interest rates on financial development is negative and significant Total Factor Productivity and Analysis of the Effect of Government Fiscal Policy Instruments https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7907.html In this research, the asymmetric effects of the government's fiscal instruments on the total factor productivity in Iran has been analyzed. So, at first, the total factor productivity index is calculated using the Solow balance method. Then, in order to investigate and empirically analyze the effect of government fiscal instruments on the total factor productivity, the linear (symmetric) and non-linear (asymmetric) autoregressive distributed lag method has been used. The findings in a linear (symmetrical) model show that the government size and the tax burden have a negative effect on the productivity. The non-linear (asymmetric) estimate also shows the asymmetric and negative effect of government size and tax burden on the productivity. In such a way that the negative effect of increases in the government size on the productivity is more than three times the negative effect of decreases in the government size. The tax burden is also associated with an asymmetric effect and its negative effect size during reductions on productivity is almost twice as much as its negative effect during increases. Inflation in a linear form is not associated with a significant effect, but in a non-linear form, it has an inverse and asymmetric effect on the productivity. In such a way that the favorable effect of reductions in inflation on the total productivity is more than the unfavorable effect of increases in inflation. The degree of openness in both symmetric and asymmetric models has a direct effect with the productivity as expected, and according to the estimate, the asymmetry of the effect was also confirmed for this factor. In such a way that the favorable effect of increases in the degree of openness on the productivity is more than four times the unfavorable effect of decreases in the degree of openness. Based on the results, it is suggested that the policy makers should pay attention to the asymmetry of the aforementioned factors in influencing the productivity while adopting appropriate policies in order to improve the productivity of the production factors The Interaction Effects of Financial Development with Human Capital and Institutional Quality on Environmental Degradation: Panel Cointegration Approach https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7850.html With economic development, MENA member countries' environmental destruction and financial development have increased. Therefore, to protect the environment, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting environmental degradation, especially the impact of financial development and its adjustment mechanisms. In addition, the impact of financial development on the ecological footprint was also investigated through the channel of human capital and institutional quality. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted at the international level for MENA member countries. The data was panel data for 2000-2020, extracted from the World Bank database. Im, Sons, Shin and Levin, Lin and Chu tests were used to check reliability, Pedroni and Kao tests to check co-collinearity, and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods were used to estimate models in Eviews 10 software. The Financial development and GDP increased, and human capital and institutional quality decreased environmental degradation. Also, financial development reduces the destruction of the environment through the channel of human capital and institutional quality, so it is suggested that governments, while expanding the capacity of good governance, move the laws governing the financial development of countries in favour of nature-friendly industries and human capital as an important factor in quality Increase the environment. The Effects of Good Governance on Income Inequality with an Emphasis on Political Instability https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7647.html In recent decades, increasing income inequality, economic inefficiency, and lack of economic justice, especially in developing countries, have played a significant role for governments in determining the appropriate distribution of incomes. Since the mid-1990s, along with the expansion of new institutionalism literature, good governance has been proposed as one of the essential components influencing the fair distribution of opportunities and incomes and the development of countries. In this study, focusing on the Middle East and North African countries (MENA region), we investigated the effect of good governance components on income inequality from 2008 to 2021 through the use of the Systemic Generalized Moments Method. The results of the estimation showed that political instability - one of the most important components of governance - increases income inequality in MENA countries. On the other hand, expanding civil liberties and increasing economic transparency can lead to the reduction of income inequality in these countries. The result of the estimation also shows that an increase in per capita income provides opportunities for reducing inequality, while an increase in the size of the government may be accompanied by an increase in income inequality. This is because in less developed countries - MENA countries included - the increase in government size is often done by increasing current expenses. Despite crowding out, an increase in unproductive government expenditures leads to decreasing productive investments in the private sector, a decrease in economic growth, and an increase in income inequality. The Investigating the Interactional Effects of Renewable Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions on Human Development: Cointegration in Autoregressive Distributed Lag https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7681.html The increase in carbon emissions is one of the most serious concerns globally in the last decade. Different countries adopt various policies and approaches to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, this study examines the impact of renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as their mutual effects on human development. The study is descriptive-analytical and applied, estimated by the autoregression method with distribution breaks for the years 2000-2020. The sample size was 16 countries with high human development, including Iran.The results showed that carbon dioxide emissions in all four modes, including CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, and the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, have a negative impact on renewable energies, gross domestic product, financial development, and net foreign direct investment. However, they had a positive effect on the human development index in the long term in countries with high human development. Also, the mutual effects of carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energies on the human development index were positive, so renewable energies can be used as a tool to control and reduce the effects of environmental pollution emissions to increase human development. Therefore, it is suggested to expand the use and development policies of renewable energy and attract more investments in this sector. Additionally, establishing laws to encourage public and private partnerships and removing investment barriers can help investors participate in renewable energy activities. The Impact of Financial Stability on Monetary Policy in Developing Countries: Application of a Nonlinear Model https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7813.html Financial stability, influenced by financial freedom and monetary policy, affects economic variables in developing countries. This study uses the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model with statistical data from 2000-2023 for developing countries, including Iran, to investigate the effect of financial stability on monetary policy. The results indicate that the variable of inflation rate had a positive effect on monetary policy in the short and long term, but the exchange rate, production, and financial stability have a negative effect on monetary policy. Additionally, the estimated nonlinear model showed that the positive and negative values caused by the financial stability shock had asymmetric effects on monetary policy in developing countries. The Impact of International Trade on the Development of the Human Capital Index (Evidence from OECD Countries) https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7574.html The expansion of international trade and economic globalization has made human capital very important in the process of economic growth and development, making it necessary to examine issues related to human capital, especially from its economic aspects. This study investigates the impact of international trade on human capital. Proponents of globalization believe that trade affects human development directly through income and indirectly through cultural mixing and increasing the variety of available goods. This study examines OECD countries, which have a high level of trade relations and play a fundamental role in creating global trade opportunities. An econometric model has been specified to examine the impact of trade on human capital using data from OECD countries and the dynamic panel method and generalized moments method from 1990 to 2021. The results indicate that the development of export and import through international trade has a positive and significant impact on human capital in these countries. Creating spillovers and transferring technology through foreign trade play an important role in the development of human capital. Additionally, the lagged value of the human development index has a positive and significant effect on the human development index.Overall, these studies highlight the complex relationships between fiscal policies, environmental initiatives, financial regulations, and their broader impacts on inflation, income inequality, human development, and economic stability. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive and coordinated policy measures to foster sustainable development and equitable growth. Investigating and analyzing the economic effects of the aging of retirees in Iran's social security system. https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8004.html The purpose of this research is to investigate the macro effects of the continuation of the existing conditions of pension plans in Iran's aging society on the country's economy. For this purpose, a dynamic general balance model has been used in the form of overlapping generations model and time series information of national accounts from 1350 to 1398. The implicit assumption in this study is that the aging of the population has affected economic variables through the mechanism of consumption and savings patterns, and the consumption pattern of people in youth and old age is also different, and also following the change in the consumption pattern in different generations, the savings pattern of people is also different. It will be different (the same) and as a result, investment and interest rate will also be affected between the mentioned two generations. Therefore, considering this premise, two scenarios of implementation and non-implementation of reforms and their effects on the variables of GDP per capita, savings of working people, savings of the whole society, investment, nominal interest rate and government expenses in the field of health and treatment have been examined. The obtained results show that the aging of the population and the lack of implementation of structural reforms of pension plans in the society will reduce the GDP per capita and and led to a decrease in national savings per capita. The implementation of structural reforms will reduce the GDP per capita less and it will lead to increased savings. Measurment of Statistical Accuracy between Updating Methods of Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8133.html After the 21st century, updating the symmetric IOTs and the SAM was founded on updating the SUTs. But in Iran, despite the background of over 60 years in compiling IOTs and over 50 years in SUTs, this issue has not been considered by the responsible institutions (Central Bank and Statistical Center). Therefore, this study calculates the SUTs by using the endo-SUT-EURO-A and endo-SUT-EURO-G methods and making adjustments in them according to the available statistics in the statistical system of the Iran and using the output of activities instead of value-added, to introduce two modified methods: exo-SUT-EURO-A and exo-SUT-EURO-G. The results indicate that the last two methods can significantly improve the estimates obtained from this method and give a more realistic picture of the country's economic structure. This action is a fundamental step in the accounting system of our country, and by filling the gap between the years of publication of statistical tables through the calculation of updated tables, can create the groundwork for providing time series SUTs.
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<title>The Impact of Social Capital on the Human Development Index in OPEC Member Countries</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7650.html</link>
<description>Today, social capital can be considered as a suitable platform for exploiting human and physical capital. In fact, social capital shows the importance of the role of social structures and relationships between people on development variables of all dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of social capital on human development indicators in OPEC member countries by using the econometric model of generalized moments during the period of 2007-2021. The research findings indicate that a one percent increase in social capital has led to a 0.05 percent increase in the human development index. Also, the variables of life expectancy, government size, and economic growth have led to an increase in human development during the investigated period. Therefore, it is recommended that in the OPEC oil exporting countries, instead of paying attention to the rentier activities that lead to the destruction of the economy, the governments should focus on the development of social capital</description>
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<item>
<title>An Analysis of the Develo Investigating the Relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards and Income Inequality According to the Role of Financial Development: A Selection of Developing Countries in Asia</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7737.html</link>
<description>Income inequality remains a concern. Previous studies show that as a country's economy grows, incomes increase and income disparity decreases. However, there is evidence that income inequality worsens as countries develop. This study examines the relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and income inequality with regard to the moderating role of financial development for a selection of Asian developing countries in the period 2000-2022 using Ordinary Least Squares and Generalized Least Squares methods.The results show that financial development affects the relationship between IFRS and income inequality. Furthermore, there is a direct relationship between IFRS and income inequality. One of the reasons for the direct impact of IFRS on income inequality could be that the increased transparency of financial reporting as a result of using IFRS enables employees and regulatory organizations to negotiate with employers about employment-related issues such as job security, wages, and pensions. If these negotiations lead to benefits for employees, income inequality will decrease. The indirect effect of IFRS on income inequality through financial development may be because investment increases by improving the efficiency of financial markets and reducing the financial constraints of financial institutions.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Identifying the Environment of Internal and External Production Chains and their Relevance to the Issue of Raw Selling</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7654.html</link>
<description>The issue of raw selling has been a concern for media, researchers, research institutions, and planners in Iran, lacking theoretical as well as empirical analysis. The main aim of this paper is to fill this gap from three angles: the environment of the internal production chain from input and output sides, external production chains in terms of DVA and VS, and their relevance to the issue of raw selling. For this purpose, we use the input-output model and symmetric product-by-product table for the year 1395. Our findings are threefold: first, concentrating only on the internal production chain and ignoring external production chains fails to reveal the relevance of raw selling; second, internal production chains of mining products are very weak, whereas corresponding external production chains are very strong; third, retail and wholesale service products, as well as transport services, appear to be dominant in both chains, suggesting not only the beginning of production chains in the Iranian economy but also confirming the theories of a rentier state and Dutch Disease</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Examining the position of carbon tax on economic sectors in Iran's economy using input-output method</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7666.html</link>
<description>Today, most environmental issues and risks can be considered local, regional, national, and even global issues due to their dependence on macro-social issues such as the economy, culture, development, politics, and material and spiritual aspects of human life. Unfortunately, the world has witnessed significant environmental destruction in recent years. Examining the interaction and relationship between economic and environmental activities is essential. To achieve this goal, this study investigates the role and position of the carbon tax on economic sectors, especially the energy sector, based on the linkage indicators and the extended input-output method using input-output tables from 2015.According to the results of the general linkage indices, the effect of the carbon tax on the energy sector shows that this sector has a suitable link with Iran's economy but does not have a suitable position compared to other economic sectors. Regarding forward links, it has shown a weak link with the whole economy, and its diffusion and sensitivity indicators as a whole have not had the ability to create movement and economic development in the national economy. The impact and effectiveness of the energy sector in Iran's economy have been practically insignificant.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Comparison of the Effect of External Shocks on Inflation in the Fixed and Managed Floating Exchange Rate Regimes in the Economy of Iran with the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Approach</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7783.html</link>
<description>The purpose of this article is to identify the effects of external shocks, including currency shocks, sanctions, and monetary shocks, on inflation in two different currency regimes in Iran's economy from 1368 to 1401. Using the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model with the new Keynesian approach, the effects of these shocks on inflation in managed fixed and floating currency regimes have been compared. The results show that currency shocks in both currency regimes lead to an increase in inflation, but in the fixed regime, this increase is less. Examining the results of the shock of international sanctions also shows that this shock increases inflation in the managed floating regime, but in the fixed regime, due to the intervention of the central bank, this effect is less. Finally, examining the effect of monetary shocks shows that under both fixed and managed floating regimes, it has led to an increase in inflation, and this effect is more intense in the managed floating regime. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the fixed currency regime, the monetary authority has a higher ability to control inflationary fluctuations due to external shocks. Of course, it should be noted that one of the requirements for choosing a fixed currency regime is the central bank's access to sufficient foreign exchange reserves, which faces serious limitations in the conditions of sanctions.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Investigating the Asymmetric Effect of Public Debt on Financial Development in Iran</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7909.html</link>
<description>Public debt is a government-related variable that links several successive governments to each other. Each government may have different views and priorities regarding the application of fiscal policies in the economy, including the level or composition of public expenditures. This paper examines the asymmetric effect of public debt on financial development in Iran from 1973-2021. For this, after performing relevant tests and using the Nonlinear Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, we found that there is a significant negative relationship between positive and negative changes in public debt and financial development in Iran in the long term. Also, the positive change coefficient of public debt is smaller than its negative change coefficient. This means that the reduction of public debt has a greater effect on the development of the financial sector compared to its increase. Additionally, the results showed that the effect of interest rates on financial development is negative and significant</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Total Factor Productivity and Analysis of the Effect of Government Fiscal Policy Instruments</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7907.html</link>
<description>In this research, the asymmetric effects of the government's fiscal instruments on the total factor productivity in Iran has been analyzed. So, at first, the total factor productivity index is calculated using the Solow balance method. Then, in order to investigate and empirically analyze the effect of government fiscal instruments on the total factor productivity, the linear (symmetric) and non-linear (asymmetric) autoregressive distributed lag method has been used. The findings in a linear (symmetrical) model show that the government size and the tax burden have a negative effect on the productivity. The non-linear (asymmetric) estimate also shows the asymmetric and negative effect of government size and tax burden on the productivity. In such a way that the negative effect of increases in the government size on the productivity is more than three times the negative effect of decreases in the government size. The tax burden is also associated with an asymmetric effect and its negative effect size during reductions on productivity is almost twice as much as its negative effect during increases. Inflation in a linear form is not associated with a significant effect, but in a non-linear form, it has an inverse and asymmetric effect on the productivity. In such a way that the favorable effect of reductions in inflation on the total productivity is more than the unfavorable effect of increases in inflation. The degree of openness in both symmetric and asymmetric models has a direct effect with the productivity as expected, and according to the estimate, the asymmetry of the effect was also confirmed for this factor. In such a way that the favorable effect of increases in the degree of openness on the productivity is more than four times the unfavorable effect of decreases in the degree of openness. Based on the results, it is suggested that the policy makers should pay attention to the asymmetry of the aforementioned factors in influencing the productivity while adopting appropriate policies in order to improve the productivity of the production factors</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Interaction Effects of Financial Development with Human Capital and Institutional Quality on Environmental Degradation: Panel Cointegration Approach</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7850.html</link>
<description>With economic development, MENA member countries' environmental destruction and financial development have increased. Therefore, to protect the environment, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting environmental degradation, especially the impact of financial development and its adjustment mechanisms. In addition, the impact of financial development on the ecological footprint was also investigated through the channel of human capital and institutional quality.&amp;nbsp;This descriptive-analytical study was conducted at the international level for MENA member countries. The data was panel data for 2000-2020, extracted from the World Bank database. Im, Sons, Shin and Levin, Lin and Chu tests were used to check reliability, Pedroni and Kao tests to check co-collinearity, and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods were used to estimate models in Eviews 10 software. The Financial development and GDP increased, and human capital and institutional quality decreased environmental degradation. Also, financial development reduces the destruction of the environment through the channel of human capital and institutional quality, so it is suggested that governments, while expanding the capacity of good governance, move the laws governing the financial development of countries in favour of nature-friendly industries and human capital as an important factor in quality Increase the environment.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Effects of Good Governance on Income Inequality with an Emphasis on Political Instability</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7647.html</link>
<description>In recent decades, increasing income inequality, economic inefficiency, and lack of economic justice, especially in developing countries, have played a significant role for governments in determining the appropriate distribution of incomes. Since the mid-1990s, along with the expansion of new institutionalism literature, good governance has been proposed as one of the essential components influencing the fair distribution of opportunities and incomes and the development of countries. In this study, focusing on the Middle East and North African countries (MENA region), we investigated the effect of good governance components on income inequality from 2008 to 2021 through the use of the Systemic Generalized Moments Method. The results of the estimation showed that political instability - one of the most important components of governance - increases income inequality in MENA countries. On the other hand, expanding civil liberties and increasing economic transparency can lead to the reduction of income inequality in these countries. The result of the estimation also shows that an increase in per capita income provides opportunities for reducing inequality, while an increase in the size of the government may be accompanied by an increase in income inequality. This is because in less developed countries - MENA countries included - the increase in government size is often done by increasing current expenses. Despite crowding out, an increase in unproductive government expenditures leads to decreasing productive investments in the private sector, a decrease in economic growth, and an increase in income inequality.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Investigating the Interactional Effects of Renewable Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions on Human Development: Cointegration in Autoregressive Distributed Lag</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7681.html</link>
<description>The increase in carbon emissions is one of the most serious concerns globally in the last decade. Different countries adopt various policies and approaches to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, this study examines the impact of renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as their mutual effects on human development. The study is descriptive-analytical and applied, estimated by the autoregression method with distribution breaks for the years 2000-2020. The sample size was 16 countries with high human development, including Iran.The results showed that carbon dioxide emissions in all four modes, including CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat, CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption, and the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, have a negative impact on renewable energies, gross domestic product, financial development, and net foreign direct investment. However, they had a positive effect on the human development index in the long term in countries with high human development. Also, the mutual effects of carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energies on the human development index were positive, so renewable energies can be used as a tool to control and reduce the effects of environmental pollution emissions to increase human development. Therefore, it is suggested to expand the use and development policies of renewable energy and attract more investments in this sector. Additionally, establishing laws to encourage public and private partnerships and removing investment barriers can help investors participate in renewable energy activities.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Impact of Financial Stability on Monetary Policy in Developing Countries: Application of a Nonlinear Model</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7813.html</link>
<description>Financial stability, influenced by financial freedom and monetary policy, affects economic variables in developing countries. This study uses the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) model with statistical data from 2000-2023 for developing countries, including Iran, to investigate the effect of financial stability on monetary policy. The results indicate that the variable of inflation rate had a positive effect on monetary policy in the short and long term, but the exchange rate, production, and financial stability have a negative effect on monetary policy. Additionally, the estimated nonlinear model showed that the positive and negative values caused by the financial stability shock had asymmetric effects on monetary policy in developing countries.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Impact of International Trade on the Development of the Human Capital Index (Evidence from OECD Countries)</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_7574.html</link>
<description>The expansion of international trade and economic globalization has made human capital very important in the process of economic growth and development, making it necessary to examine issues related to human capital, especially from its economic aspects. This study investigates the impact of international trade on human capital. Proponents of globalization believe that trade affects human development directly through income and indirectly through cultural mixing and increasing the variety of available goods. This study examines OECD countries, which have a high level of trade relations and play a fundamental role in creating global trade opportunities. An econometric model has been specified to examine the impact of trade on human capital using data from OECD countries and the dynamic panel method and generalized moments method from 1990 to 2021. The results indicate that the development of export and import through international trade has a positive and significant impact on human capital in these countries. Creating spillovers and transferring technology through foreign trade play an important role in the development of human capital. Additionally, the lagged value of the human development index has a positive and significant effect on the human development index.Overall, these studies highlight the complex relationships between fiscal policies, environmental initiatives, financial regulations, and their broader impacts on inflation, income inequality, human development, and economic stability. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive and coordinated policy measures to foster sustainable development and equitable growth.</description>
</item>
<item>
<title>Investigating and analyzing the economic effects of the aging of retirees in Iran&#039;s social security system.</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8004.html</link>
<description>The purpose of this research is to investigate the macro effects of the continuation of the existing conditions of pension plans in Iran&amp;#039;s aging society on the country&amp;#039;s economy. For this purpose, a dynamic general balance model has been used in the form of overlapping generations model and time series information of national accounts from 1350 to 1398. The implicit assumption in this study is that the aging of the population has affected economic variables through the mechanism of consumption and savings patterns, and the consumption pattern of people in youth and old age is also different, and also following the change in the consumption pattern in different generations, the savings pattern of people is also different. It will be different (the same) and as a result, investment and interest rate will also be affected between the mentioned two generations. Therefore, considering this premise, two scenarios of implementation and non-implementation of reforms and their effects on the variables of GDP per capita, savings of working people, savings of the whole society, investment, nominal interest rate and government expenses in the field of health and treatment have been examined. The obtained results show that the aging of the population and the lack of implementation of structural reforms of pension plans in the society will reduce the GDP per capita and and led to a decrease in national savings per capita. The implementation of structural reforms will reduce the GDP per capita less and it will lead to increased savings.</description>
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<title>Measurment of Statistical Accuracy between Updating Methods of Supply and Use Tables (SUTs)</title>
<link>https://ieda.alzahra.ac.ir/article_8133.html</link>
<description>After the 21st century, updating the symmetric IOTs and the SAM was founded on updating the SUTs. But in Iran, despite the background of over 60 years in compiling IOTs and over 50 years in SUTs, this issue has not been considered by the responsible institutions (Central Bank and Statistical Center). Therefore, this study calculates the SUTs by using the endo-SUT-EURO-A and endo-SUT-EURO-G methods and making adjustments in them according to the available statistics in the statistical system of the Iran and using the output of activities instead of value-added, to introduce two modified methods: exo-SUT-EURO-A and exo-SUT-EURO-G. The results indicate that the last two methods can significantly improve the estimates obtained from this method and give a more realistic picture of the country&amp;#039;s economic structure. This action is a fundamental step in the accounting system of our country, and by filling the gap between the years of publication of statistical tables through the calculation of updated tables, can create the groundwork for providing time series SUTs.</description>
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